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How to Use Number System to PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) :

PLC is based on microcontroller. It is stored information in binary digits (bits) form. Bits consist of two condition ON (1) and OFF (0). It is like switch state where 1 means ON and 0 as OFF condition. Cause there is only two numbers (1 and 0) so it called as binary. It really differ with our number system called decimal (dec=10) which consist ten number from 0 to 9.

LOGIC 0 AND 1

PLC only understand signal ON and OFF. Imagine you have a switch, power source, and a lamp that connected in a circuit. When the switch is pushed or clicked, then the wire is connected and the lamp beam. This condition, in binary system, indicate the signal is present or the switch is ON and expressed as 1. The opposite condition when the lamp not beam is the OFF condition, signal is not present, or 0.

DECIMAL

Number system have three common characteristics: digits, base, and weight. Digits mean kind of number that support by number system. Base is the amount of digits supported, and weight is multiplier factor refer to position of digits. Decimal and other number system is based on place-value system. Its position of number determine the weight. Here are the characteristics of decimal system:

Digits (ten)	0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0
Base	10
Weight	1, 10, 100, 1000, ...

BINARY

Most PLC use binary system. It consist of two digit 1 and 0. Like decimal which have weight 1, 10, 100, and soon, binary also have weight as 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc. The base of number usually write as subscript, example 10001­2 = 1710 and 111112 = 3110 .

Digits (two)	0, 1
Base	2
Weight	1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, ...

BCD (BINARY-CODED DECIMAL)

Binary-coded decimal is representation of decimal number where each digit is represented by a four-bit binary. This system usually used with other devices, such as number display (led number or seven segment). Example 020110 = 0000 0010 0000 00012 .

Decimal	BCD
0	0000
1	0001
2	0010
3	0011
4	0100
5	0101
6	0110
7	0111
8	1000
9	1001

OCTAL

Octal (8) is not commonly used by PLC, but there some PLC still used octal system. For instance Automation Direct PLC that addressed the memory in octal. The weight of octal derived by power the base number with position of number. The number of position is start from 0 and incremented by 1 from right. For example 17678 is equal to (7 x 80) + (6 x 81) + (7 x 82) + (1 x 83) = 7 + 48 + 448 + 512 = 101510 .

Digits (eight)	0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Base	8
Weight	1, 8, 64, 512, 4096, ...

HEXADECIMAL

Hexadecimal (hex = 16) is decimal numbering system added by the first six alphabet A, B, C, D, E, and F as the symbols. Hexadecimal is used by PLC because its ability to represent large number of binary in small space. Each hexadecimal digit represent a group of four binary bits. Example 2B16 = (11 x 160) + (2 x 161) = 4310 .

Digits (16)	0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
Base	16
Weight	1, 16, 256, 4096, ...

BITS, BYTES, AND WORDS

A group of one binary called bit (b-inary dig-it). A group of 4 bits called nibble. A group of 8 bits is called byte, and a group of 16 bits are referred as word.

CONVERT NUMBER SYSTEM

It is not easy to convert one number system to another number system manually. For common case you will need to convert decimal (our native number system) to binary, octal, or hexadecimal. If you need the detail explanation about converting number system manually, then you can search it with your favorite online search engine. 
The quickest way to convert number system can be found by using built in calculator in Windows operating system. For Windows 8 user, you can push window button on your keyboard and then type “calculator”. Open the calculator icon like image bellow.

If your calculator still looks standard like bellow, then you have to convert its mode to “Programmer” mode by press “Alt + 3” on your keyboard. Or from main menu by clicking “View > Programmer”.

In programmer-mode your calculator will be able to convert number system easily. You can select your base numbering system from radio-button on the upper left. Then type your number. To convert it to another number system, you just need to select radio-button again to base number you are referring.Don’t forget that Hex = hexadecimal, Dec = decimal, Oct = octal, and Bin = binary.

The radio-button on the bottom-left is to switch binary representation as byte (8 bits), word (16 bits), dword (double, 32 bits), and qword (quad, 64 bits). The number bellow the binary means as index of the binary representation.

CONVERSION TABLE

Here are some example of conversion number system.

The SCADA Protocol Works - BEST PLC SCADA Training Institute in Chennai | Best Training Institute In Chennai,

Learn to Know How does The SCADA Protocol Works to Operate the Control Points :

In a control system remote terminal unit (RTU) is designed to correlate with the SCADA master station database and serves to connect the sensor to the server in the data transfer process, converting sensor signals into digital data and sends digital data to the control system. In general, a SCADA system always refers to a system that coordinates, but does not control the process in real time and it represents the predominant SCADA systems and protocols in use in the utility industry today.
SCADA communication is regulated through a protocol that works between the host and the RTU form a viable model for the RTU to intelligent electronic devices (IED) communication. If the antiquity used a proprietary protocol in accordance with its SCADA manufacturers, now there are already some established protocol standards, so no need to worry about compatibility issues of communication again.
Currently, in the industry, there several different protocols used. The most popular are as below:

• The Distributed Network Protocol version 3 (DNP3).
• The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60870-5 series, especially IEC 60870-5-101 (commonly called as 101)

DISTRIBUTED NETWORK PROTOCOL VERSION 3 (DNP3)

SCADA protocols are designed to be very compact. Many are designed to send information only when the master station polls the RTU which is situated between the Open System Interconnection (OSI) application layer and the application program.
Many of these protocols such as DNP3 used for transmission of data from point A to point B using serial communications now contain extensions to operate over TCP / IP. Although some believe that the security of good engineering practice to avoid connecting SCADA systems to the Internet so the attack surface is reduced, many industries, such as wastewater collection and water distribution, have been using the existing cellular network infrastructure to monitor them along with internet portal for late-data the delivery and modification. Cellular data network based on thethree-layer enhanced performance architecture (EPA) model contained in the IEC 60870-5 standards is encrypted before transmission over the Internet. 

IEC 60870-5-101

Because most sensor and control relays are just simple electrical equipment, such tools can not generate or translate the communication protocol. Thus it takes RTU bridge between the sensors and the SCADA network. RTU changing sensor inputs to the relevant protocol format such as IEC 60870-5 specifies a number of frame formats and services that may be provided at different layers and sends it to the master SCADA. Enhanced Performance Architecture (EPA) reference model for efficient implementation within RTUs (RTU besides also receive commands in protocol format and gives a corresponding electrical signal to control the respective relays), meters, relays, and other Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs).

Due to the use of standard protocols and the fact that many network SCADA system can be accessed from the Internet, a system that is potentially vulnerable to remote cyber attacks. On the other hand, the use of standard protocols and technical security means that security fixes are applicable standard for SCADA system, assuming they receive timely treatment and update.The use of the Distributed Network Protocol version 3 (DNP3) and the IEC 60870-5-101 protocol  has several advantages such as High data integrity, Flexible structure, Multiple applications, Minimized overhead and Open standard. 

Water control based on Water Management -PLC SCADA DCS Training in Chennai | Industrial Automation training Chennai,

Simplify Water control based on Water Management Suite (WMS) SCADA System :

Water management in the operating system is essential to be controlled. In some cases for example water treatment operator wants to look at chemical usage then he needs control system which is easy to be used. SCADA has functions to control the device for displaying operational data in real time both the operating system, trend data, until the alarm. If you want the integration between distribution system with system AMR (Automatic Meter Reading that designed to read the meters automatically) or it could be that you have a desire to incorporate online instrumentation with test results from the laboratory and then this system could not do it, you have to use others system. The solution is Water control system based on Water Management Suite (WMS) SCADA System. Please consider if you want to use it, analysis of data setting was needed for sampling from several databases, so it needed a lot of complex coding.

WHAT IS WATER MANAGEMENT SUITE (WMS)

WMS is a software that consists of core components with a separate module that can be used for setting water and sewage treatment. This module is referred to as a site, not as a standalone system with the WMS used as a commercial solution to address all the challenges. For internal US application, there are an awful lot of information related to water management suite in some water industry. For example, Schneider Electric has two WMS system, which is Citect's Ampla ™ and Telvent WMS. Both of these systems can be used simultaneously or separately.
WMS itself works by plugging into a database from an application that is in a water district including the System Graphical Information (GIS), a system of meter reading (AMR / AMI), Maintenance Management System (MMS), Information Management Laboratory (LIM) system, SCADA, power systems, as well as various monitoring. If everything has been connected, the data will be checked and collaborate so that there are reports the aspects that is used for an operation of the plant.

MORE UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF A WMS

WMS works by some of the trending analysis of measurement data of water. Trend function in this case is as widely used in the analysis of SCADA software. SCADA design, has limitations for analyzing the data. If you want a lot of options it can use the Operational Data Management System (ODMS), which is connected to the SCADA due to its ability to view the data in a database and then analyze the data, to delete data that is not desirable.
This data will be tested before it is used for a report. Statements in this case contains a sufficiently relevant data in order to help make a decision that is accurate, solid and reliable. One of the most common application is in leak detection. Within this application, software data collection balance into a gathering system and may indicate an imbalance. In the southern California city, WMS is used for a mass balance, where data is collected every week exactly in some places.
WMS also used as effectiveness. In an application, generally a software tool used to study the performance of the system, either individual processes, as well as for each device. Where this software then participated in a detailed methodology that has the title OEE (www.oee.com) as determinants of effectiveness.
Where these factors are used to understand the performance of a place on every machine, with a notice period, the quality of water produced, until the number of levels that have been implemented including the downtime

SCADA is assumed for the operation and also for the operation of waste water. However, SCADA is the first step to obtain the best operation achievement. The next step is WMS, where the tool is to add to the primacy of process, maintenance, and operations.